These communications systems typically serve two additional purposes: navigation (use of radio ranging and earth-spacecraft Doppler to determine the position and velocity of the probe) and radio science (use of measured radiowave properties - amplitude, frequency, polarization, etc. Radio communications systems on deep space probes are used for both command and control of the spacecraft (via transmissions from the earth to the spacecraft, the uplink) and for returning telemetry to the ground (via transmission from the spacecraft to the earth, the downlink).
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I conclude with a discussion of how gravitational wave sensitivity can be improved in the low-frequency band. I discuss here the principles of operation of this detector (emphasizing transfer functions of gravitational wave signals and the principal noises to the Doppler time series), some data analysis techniques, experiments to date, and illustrations of sensitivity and current detector performance. A burst signal, for example, is time-resolved into a characteristic signature: three discrete events in the Doppler time series. Unlike other detectors, the ∼ 1–10 AU earth-spacecraft separation makes the detector large compared with millihertz-band gravitational wavelengths, and thus times-of-flight of signals and radio waves through the apparatus are important.
TRACKINGTIME WAVEAPP SERIES
A gravitational wave having strain amplitude h incident on the earth-spacecraft system causes perturbations of order h in the time series of Δν/ν 0.
TRACKINGTIME WAVEAPP FREE
In the Doppler method the earth and a distant spacecraft act as free test masses with a ground-based precision Doppler tracking system continuously monitoring the earth-spacecraft relative dimensionless velocity 2Δ v/c = Δ ν/ν 0, where Δν is the Doppler shift and ν 0 is the radio link carrier frequency. No-code required.This paper discusses spacecraft Doppler tracking, the current-generation detector technology used in the low-frequency (∼millihertz) gravitational wave band.
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